Adenocarcinoma pulmonar associado à infecção por Mycobacterium sp. em vaca - relato de caso / [Pulmonary adenocarcinoma associated with infection by Mycobacterium sp. in a cow - case report]

Descrevem-se os aspectos clínicos, anatomopatológicos, imuno-histoquímicos, microbiológicos e moleculares de um caso de adenocarcinoma pulmonar associado à infecção por Mycobacterium sp. em uma vaca. O animal apresentou hiporexia, emagrecimento, vocalizações, postura ortopneica, ingurgitamento da jugular, estase venosa positiva, gemido expiratório e morte. Na necropsia, os pulmões estavam aumentados e apresentavam, na superfície pleural, nódulos branco-amarelados, firmes, multifocais a coalescentes, interpostos por áreas avermelhadas. Ao corte, os nódulos aprofundavam-se ao parênquima e possuíam múltiplos focos de aspecto caseoso e friável e áreas de mineralização. O saco pericárdico e os linfonodos traqueobrônquicos, ilíacos, lombares aórticos e mamários apresentavam lesões semelhantes. Histologicamente, observou-se neoformação carcinomatosa associada a áreas multifocais de necrose e mineralização. As células neoplásicas foram fortemente imunomarcadas pelo anticorpo antipancitoqueratina AE1/AE3. Na cultura microbiológica de fragmentos dos pulmões, houve crescimento de colônias bacterianas compatíveis com micobactérias atípicas. O sequenciamento molecular submetido ao BLASTn identificou o Mycobacterium sp. WCM 7299 (ID: gb|KJ873243.1|).(AU)

The clinical, anatomopathological, immunohistochemical, microbiological and molecular aspects of a case of pulmonary adenocarcinoma associated with infection by Mycobacterium sp. in a cow are described. The animal presented hyporexia, weight loss, vocalizations, orthopneic posture, jugular engorgement, positive venous stasis, expiratory groaning and death. At necropsy, the lungs were enlarged and presented firm, multifocal to coalescent yellowish nodules, interposed by reddish areas on the pleural surface. At cut, the nodules deepened to the parenchyma and had multiple foci of caseous and friable appearance and areas of mineralization. The pericardial sac and tracheobronchial, iliac, aortic lumbar and mammary lymph nodes showed similar lesions. Histologically, a carcinomatous neoformation, associated with multifocal areas of necrosis and mineralization, was observed. Neoplastic cells were strongly immunolabelled by anti-PanCytokeratin antibody AE1/AE3. Microbiological culture of lung fragments showed growth of bacterial colonies compatible with atypical mycobacteria. Molecular sequencing submitted to BLASTn identified the Mycobacterium sp. WCM 7299 (ID: gb|KJ873243.1|).(AU)

Small-scale environmental enrichment and exercise enhance learning and spatial memory of Carassius auratus, and increase cell proliferation in the telencephalon: an exploratory study

Carassius auratus is a teleost fish that has been largely used in behavioral studies. However, little is known about potential environmental influences on its performance of learning and memory tasks. Here, we investigated this question in C. auratus, and searched for potential correlation between exercise and visuospatial enrichment with the total number of telencephalic glia and neurons. To that end, males and females were housed for 183 days in either an enriched (EE) or impoverished environment (IE) aquarium. EE contained toys, natural plants, and a 12-hour/day water stream for voluntary exercise, whereas the IE had none of the above. A third plus-maze aquarium was used for spatial and object recognition tests. Different visual clues in 2 of its 4 arms were used to guide fish to reach the criteria to complete the task. The test consisted of 30 sessions and was concluded when each animal performed three consecutive correct choices or seven alternated, each ten trials. Learning rates revealed significant differences between EE and IE fish. The optical fractionator was used to estimate the total number of telencephalic cells that were stained with cresyl violet. On average, the total number of cells in the subjects from EE was higher than those from subjects maintained in IE (P=0.0202). We suggest that environmental enrichment significantly influenced goldfish spatial learning and memory abilities, and this may be associated with an increase in the total number of telencephalic cells.

Effects of nanoparticles of hydroxy-aluminum phthalocyanine on markers of liver injury and glucose metabolism in diabetic mice

Photodynamic therapy, by reducing pain and inflammation and promoting the proliferation of healthy cells, can be used to treat recurrent lesions, such as diabetic foot ulcers. Studies using the photosensitizer phthalocyanine, together with the nanostructured copolymeric matrix of Pluronic® and Carbopol® for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers and leishmaniosis lesions, are showing promising outcomes. Despite their topical or subcutaneous administration, these molecules are absorbed and their systemic effects are unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of the subcutaneous administration of the hydroxy-aluminum phthalocyanine hydrogel without illumination on systemic parameters, markers of liver injury, and liver energy metabolism in type 1 diabetic Swiss mice. Both the hydrogel and the different doses of phthalocyanine changed the levels of injury markers and the liver glucose release, sometimes aggravating the alterations caused by the diabetic condition itself. However, the dose of 2.23 µg/mL caused less marked plasmatic and metabolic changes and did not change glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity of the diabetic mice. These results are indicative that the use of hydroxy-aluminum phthalocyanine hydrogel for the treatment of cutaneous ulcers in diabetic patients is systemically safe.

Efficiency of inactive vaccines against contagious agalactia in Brazil / Eficiência de vacinas inativadas contra agalaxia contagiosa no Brasil

This paper aims to evaluate the efficiency of three inactive vaccines against contagious agalactia prepared with samples of Mycoplasma agalactiae isolated in Brazil and different adjuvants. Vaccine 1 adsorbed with aluminum hydroxide was administered in 23 goats (Gc1) and 13 sheep (Gov1); vaccine 2 containing Montanide IMS-2215-VG was administered in 22 goats (Gc2) and 12 sheep (Gov2) and vaccine 3, containing Montanide Gel-01 was administered in 22 goats (Gc3) and 12 sheep (Gov3). All animals were negative for Ma at indirect ELISA and received two doses of 2mL each, subcutaneously, within a 21 day interval. Five animals from each species were used as control. Seventy-five days after the booster, four animals from each vaccinated group and two from the control group were challenged with 5mL of Ma culture containing 10(7)cfu/mL, orally and through immersion of the female's udder in lactation. The serological response was analyzed during vaccination days (0 and 21) and at 51, 81, 111, 141 and 171 days after vaccination. The collection and analysis of the challenged animals were conducted at the day of the challenge (D0) and 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 days after the challenge. The three vaccines induced the production of antibodies, having no significant statistical difference (p<0.05). Animals from groups Gc1, Gc2 and Gov2 developed higher levels of antibodies, with significant statistical difference compared to the other vaccinated group and control group (p<0.05). After the challenge, the animals from the control presented an increase in regional lymph nodes and conjunctivitis, mastitis and arthritis. In four vaccinated animals, discrete conjunctivitis and congestion of the episcleral veins was observed. It is concluded that vaccines 1 and 2 induced levels of protective antibodies in goats and sheep, sufficient for clinical protection of the animals submitted to the experimental infection, indicating its use on the prevention of contagious agalactia.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a eficácia de três vacinas inativadas contra agalaxia contagiosa, preparadas com amostra de Mycoplasma agalactiae isolada no Brasil e diferentes adjuvantes. A vacina 1, adsorvida com hidróxido de alumínio, foi administrada em 23 caprinos (Gc1) e 13 ovinos (Gov1); a vacina 2, contendo Montanide IMS-2215-VG, foi administrada em 22 caprinos (Gc2) e 12 ovinos (Gov2); e a vacina 3, contendo Montanide Gel-01 foi administrada em 22 caprinos (Gc3) e 12 ovinos (Gov3). Todos os animais eram negativos para Ma no ELISA indireto e receberam duas doses de 2mL cada, por via subcutânea, com intervalo de 21 dias. Cinco animais de cada espécie foram utilizados como controle. Setenta e cinco dias após o reforço, quatro animais de cada grupo vacinado e dois do grupo controle foram desafiados com 5mL de cultura de Ma contendo 10(7)ufc/mL, por via oral e pela imersão dos tetos das fêmeas em lactação. A resposta sorológica foi analisada nos dias da vacinação (zero e 21) e aos 51, 81, 111, 141 e 171 dias pós-vacinação. As coletas e análises dos animais desafiados foram realizadas no dia do desafio (D0) e sete, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 e 56 dias pós-desafio. As três vacinas induziram produção de anticorpos, não havendo diferença estatisticamente significativa entre caprinos e ovinos (P>0,05). Animais dos grupos Gc1, Gc2 e Gov2 produziram níveis de anticorpos mais elevados, com diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação aos demais grupos vacinados e ao grupo controle (P<0,05). Após o desafio, os animais do grupo controle apresentaram aumento de linfonodos regionais e conjuntivite, mastite e artrite. Em quatro animais vacinados, foi observada discreta conjuntivite e congestão dos vasos episclerais. Conclui-se que as vacinas 1 e 2 induziram níveis de anticorpos protetores em caprinos e ovinos suficientes para proteção clínica dos animais submetidos à infecção experimental, podendo ser indicadas para prevenção da agalaxia contagiosa.

Determinação da dose inseminante e embriogênese na fertilização artificial de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) / Determination of insemination dose and embryonic development in the artificial fertilization of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum)

Determinou-se a dose inseminante para fertilização artificial e descreveu-se o desenvolvimento embrionário de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Os gametas foram coletados de reprodutores induzidos hormonalmente. Foi realizada fertilização artificial nas proporções de espermatozoides/ovócito de D1-50.666; D2-75.999; D3-101.332; D4-126.665; D5-151.998. O desenvolvimento embrionário foi acompanhado por meio de observações periódicas em estereoscópio até a eclosão dos ovos. Na fase de fechamento do blastóporo foi calculada a taxa de fertilização nas diferentes doses inseminantes. A porcentagem de fertilização aumentou de forma linear segundo a equação Ŷ =0,050 + 0,00000773X (R²=97,5), atingindo um platô em 84% na proporção de 102.486 espermatozoides/ovócito. Os embriões apresentaram segmentação meroblástica discoidal, típica de ovos telolécitos, com eclosão ocorrendo aos 357 horas-grau após a fertilização. Conclui-se que o desenvolvimento embrionário de tambaqui obedece ao esperado para peixes com ovos telolécitos e recomenda-se o uso da dose inseminante de aproximadamente 100.000 espermatozoides/ovócito na rotina de fertilização artificial dessa espécie.

The objective of this research was to determine the insemination dose for artificial fertilization and describe the embryonic development of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomun). The gametes were collected from induced breeding hormonally. An artificial fertilization was performed with different sperm/oocyte ratios of D1-50666, D2-75999, D3-101 332, 126 665-D4, D5-151 998 sperm/oocyte. Embryonic development was monitored through periodic stereoscopic observations until hatching. When embryos reached the blastopore closure stage, the rate of fertilization in different insemination doses was calculated. A regression equation was estimated to determine the ideal proportion of the gametes. The fertilization rate increased linearly according to the equation Ŷ = 0.050 + 0.00000773 X (R² = 97.5), up to the proportion of 102.486 spermatozoa/oocyte, and, from this point, the fertilization rate was maintained at 84%. The embryonic development of tambaqui was meroblastic discoidal, as expected from telolecithal eggs and we recommend the use of the insemination dose of approximately 100.000 sperm/oocyte in the artificial fertilization of tambaqui.

Utilizaçäo de um contêiner modelo Celle modificado para resfriamento e transporte de sêmen eqüino / Use os a Celle modified container for equine semen cooling and transportation

Desenvolveu-se o contêiner modelo Celle modificado para o resfriamento e transporte de sêmen eqüino. O contêiner possibilitou a inseminaçäo de 100 éguas de diversas categorias reprodutivas, em 148 ciclos estrais. Foram utilizadas doses inseminantes de 400 milhöes de espermatozóides móveis em 15ml de sêmen diluído em diluidor de leite em pó desnatado/glicose, transportado por um período médio de 215 minutos e temperatura final de 14§C. As taxas de concepçäo ao primeiro ciclo e concepçäo/ciclo foram de 56 e 52 por cento, respectivamente. O contêiner propiciou, durante seu uso em campo, taxa de resfriamento de -0,03§C/min entre 19§C e 9§C, faixa do choque térmico. No entanto, avaliada em condiçöes de laboratório, a taxa de resfriamento foi mais acelerada. O contêiner utilizado permite o resfriamento simultâneo de oito doses inseminantes individualizadas e com mínima aeraçäo

Oximetria de pulso: algoritmos de cálculo / Pulse oximetry: algorithms of calculation

Este trabalho apresenta os fundamentos do método de cálculo da SpO2 e discute dois diferentes algoritmos. As vantagens e desvantagens de cada uma deles são ressaltadas. Através de alguns resultados comprova-se que a eliminação do componente DC do sinal não afeta o cálculo da SpO2 e simplifica o tratamento analógico, proporcionando uma maior confiabilidade ao sistema.